Method of addressing messages and communications system

ABSTRACT

A method of establishing wireless communications between an interrogator and individual ones of multiple wireless identification devices, the method comprising combining tree search and Aloha methods to establish communications between the interrogator and individual ones of the multiple wireless identification devices without collision. A system comprising an interrogator, and a plurality of wireless identification devices configured to communicate with the interrogator in a wireless fashion, the respective wireless identification devices having a unique identification number, the interrogator being configured to employ tree search and Aloha techniques to determine the unique identification numbers of the different wireless identification devices so as to be able to establish communications between the interrogator and individual ones of the multiple wireless identification devices without collision by multiple wireless identification devices attempting to respond to the interrogator at the same time.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/270,204, filed Nov. 8, 2005, which is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/820,467, filed Mar. 28, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,315,522, which is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/026,248, filed Feb. 19, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,275,476, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates to communications protocols and to digital data communications. Still more particularly, the invention relates to data communications protocols in mediums such as radio communication or the like. The invention also relates to radio frequency identification devices for inventory control, object monitoring, determining the existence, location or movement of objects, or for remote automated payment.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Communications protocols are used in various applications. For example, communications protocols can be used in electronic identification systems. As large numbers of objects are moved in inventory, product manufacturing, and merchandising operations, there is a continuous challenge to accurately monitor the location and flow of objects. Additionally, there is a continuing goal to interrogate the location of objects in an inexpensive and streamlined manner. One way of tracking objects is with an electronic identification system.

One presently available electronic identification system utilizes a magnetic coupling system. In some cases, an identification device may be provided with a unique identification code in order to distinguish between a number of different devices. Typically, the devices are entirely passive (have no power supply), which results in a small and portable package. However, such identification systems are only capable of operation over a relatively short range, limited by the size of a magnetic field used to supply power to the devices and to communicate with the devices.

Another wireless electronic identification system utilizes a large active transponder device affixed to an object to be monitored which receives a signal from an interrogator. The device receives the signal, then generates and transmits a responsive signal. The interrogation signal and the responsive signal are typically radio-frequency (RF) signals produced by an RF transmitter circuit. Because active devices have their own power sources, and do not need to be in close proximity to an interrogator or reader to receive power via magnetic coupling. Therefore, active transponder devices tend to be more suitable for applications requiring tracking of a tagged device that may not be in close proximity to an interrogator. For example, active transponder devices tend to be more suitable for inventory control or tracking.

Electronic identification systems can also be used for remote payment. For example, when a radio frequency identification device passes an interrogator at a toll booth, the toll booth can determine the identity of the radio frequency identification device, and thus of the owner of the device, and debit an account held by the owner for payment of toll or can receive a credit card number against which the toll can be charged. Similarly, remote payment is possible for a variety of other goods or services.

A communication system, such as a wireless identification system, typically includes two transponders: a commander station or interrogator, and a responder station or transponder device which replies to the interrogator.

If the interrogator has prior knowledge of the identification number of a device which the interrogator is looking for, it can specify that a response is requested only from the device with that identification number. Sometimes, such information is not available. For example, there are occasions where the interrogator is attempting to determine which of multiple devices are within communication range.

When the interrogator sends a message to a transponder device requesting a reply, there is a possibility that multiple transponder devices will attempt to respond simultaneously, causing a collision, and thus an erroneous message to be received by the interrogator. For example, if the interrogator sends out a command requesting that all devices within a communications range identify themselves, and gets a large number of simultaneous replies, the interrogator may not able to interpret any of these replies. Thus, arbitration schemes are employed to permit communications free of collisions.

In one arbitration scheme or system, described in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,627,544; 5,583,850; 5,500,650; and 5,365,551, all to Snodgrass et al. and all incorporated herein by reference, the interrogator sends a command causing each device of a potentially large number of responding devices to select a random number from a known range and use it as that device's arbitration number. By transmitting requests for identification to various subsets of the full range of arbitration numbers, and checking for an error-free response, the interrogator determines the arbitration number of every responder station capable of communicating at the same time. Therefore, the interrogator is able to conduct subsequent uninterrupted communication with devices, one at a time, by addressing only one device.

Another arbitration scheme is referred to as the Aloha or slotted Aloha scheme. This scheme is discussed in various references relating to communications, such as “Digital Communications: Fundamentals and Applications,” by Bernard Sklar, published January 1988 by Prentice Hall. In this type of scheme, a device will respond to an interrogator using one of many time domain slots selected randomly by the device. A problem with the Aloha scheme is that if there are many devices, or potentially many devices in the field (i.e. in communications range, capable of responding) then there must be many available slots or many collisions will occur. Having many available slots slows down replies. If the magnitude of the number of devices in a field is unknown, then many slots are needed. This results in the system slowing down significantly because the reply time equals the number of slots multiplied by the time period required for one reply.

An electronic identification system which can be used as a radio frequency identification device, arbitration schemes, and various applications for such devices are described in detail in commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/705,043, filed Aug. 29, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,130,602, and incorporated herein by reference.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides a wireless identification device configured to provide a signal to identify the device in response to an interrogation signal.

One aspect of the invention provides a method of establishing wireless communications between an interrogator and individual ones of multiple wireless identification devices. Tree search and Aloha methods are combined to establish communications between the interrogator and individual ones of the multiple wireless identification devices without collision.

One aspect of the invention provides a method of addressing messages from an interrogator to a selected one or more of a number of communications devices. A first predetermined number of bits are established to be used as unique identification numbers. Unique identification numbers respectively having the first predetermined number of bits are established for respective devices. A second predetermined number of bits are established to be used for random values. The devices are caused to select random values. Respective devices choose random values independently of random values selected by the other devices. The interrogator transmits a command requesting devices having random values within a specified group of random values to respond, the specified group being less than or equal to the entire set of random values. Devices receiving the command respectively determine if their chosen random values fall within the specified group and, if so, send a reply to the interrogator within a randomly selected time slot of a number of slots. If not, they do not send a reply. The interrogator determines if a collision occurred between devices that sent a reply and, if so, creates a new, smaller, specified group.

One aspect of the invention provides a communications system comprising an interrogator, and a plurality of wireless identification devices configured to communicate with the interrogator in a wireless fashion. The respective wireless identification devices have a unique identification number. The interrogator is configured to employ tree search and Aloha techniques to determine the unique identification numbers of the different wireless identification devices so as to be able to establish communications between the interrogator and individual ones of the multiple wireless identification devices without collision by multiple wireless identification devices attempting to respond to the interrogator at the same time.

Another aspect of the invention provides a system comprising an interrogator configured to communicate to a selected one or more of a number of communications devices, and a plurality of communications devices. The devices are configured to select random values. Respective devices choose random values independently of random values selected by the other devices. The interrogator is configured to transmit a command requesting devices having random values within a specified group of random values to respond, the specified group being less than or equal to the entire set of random values. Devices receiving the command are configured to respectively determine if their chosen random values fall within the specified group and, if so, send a reply to the interrogator within a randomly selected time slot of a number of slots. If not, they do not send a reply. The interrogator is configured to determine if a collision occurred between devices that sent a reply and, if so, create a new, smaller, specified group.

One aspect of the invention provides a radio frequency identification device comprising an integrated circuit including a receiver, a transmitter, and a microprocessor. In one embodiment, the integrated circuit is a monolithic single die single metal layer integrated circuit including the receiver, the transmitter, and the microprocessor. The device of this embodiment includes an active transponder, instead of a transponder which relies on magnetic coupling for power, and therefore has a much greater range.

Another aspect of the invention provides a method of communication. In one embodiment, the method includes transmitting a first command from an interrogator in accordance with a first loop of an algorithm to identify a radio frequency identification (RFD) device. The first command includes a field indicating that no number of valid bits of a comparison value is transmitted with the first command. In response to the first command, receiving a first reply from the RFID device comprising a first identifier of the RFID device. The method further includes transmitting a second command from the interrogator in accordance with a second loop of the algorithm if the interrogator detects a collision in the first reply. The second command includes a field indicating that one or more valid bits of the comparison value are transmitted with the second command. The RFID device compares the valid bits of the comparison value with a portion of the first identifier, and, if equal, modulates an RF field provided by the interrogator to communicate a second reply to the interrogator in accordance with the algorithm. The second reply includes at least a portion of the first identifier. Transmitting an indication of a number of time slots in which the interrogator is to receive one or more responses from one or more RFD devices in a field of the interrogator, and in response, receiving the one or more responses in one or more time slots of the number of time slots, wherein each of the one or more responses comprises a second identifier of each of the one or more RFID devices, respectively.

Another aspect of the invention provides a radio frequency identification (RFD) device. In one embodiment, the RFID device includes a receiver to receive first and second commands. The first command includes an indication of a first number of valid bits of an identification number and, if the first number of valid bits is indicated to be greater than zero, the valid bits of the identification number itself. The second command includes an indication of a first number of time slots in which the RFID device is to respond. The RFID device also includes a memory to store a first identifier and a transmitter to communicate a first response to the first command if the valid bits of the identification number, if any, match an equal number of bits of the first identifier stored in the memory, and to communicate a second response to the second command in a randomly selected time slot of the indicated first number of time slots. The first response includes at least a portion of the first identifier.

Yet another aspect of the invention provides an initiating wireless device to initiate wireless communication with a target radio frequency identification (RFID) device. In one embodiment, the initiating wireless device includes a transmitter to transmit a first portion of a set of identifiers and to indicate a first number of time slots. The device also includes an antenna to provide an RF field to be modulated by a target RFID device to communicate signals to the initiating device along with a receiver to receive a response from a target RFID device that has an identifier in the set and to receive one or more identifiers from one or more target RFID devices during a time slot randomly selected from the first number of time slots by each of the one or more target RFID devices, respectively. The device further includes processing circuitry to perform collision detection on the response, to cause the transmitter to transmit a second portion of a subset of the set of identifiers if a collision is detected on the response, and to determine the identifier of the target RFID device using the response if no collision is detected on the response.

Another aspect of the invention provides for a target radio frequency identification (RFID) device. In one embodiment, the target RFID device includes a receiver to receive an indication of a first number of valid bits common to a first set of identifiers, to receive the valid bits common to the first set if the first number is greater than zero, and to receive a signal indicating a change in a number of time slots from a first number of a plurality of time slots to a second number of a plurality of time slots in which the target device may respond. The target RFD) device also includes a memory to store an identifier along with processing circuitry to determine if the identifier is in the first set, to generate a random value, and to randomly select a time slot and a transmitter to communicate a response if the identifier is determined to be in the first set, and to communicate the response during the randomly selected time slot.

Still another aspect of the invention provides for a method for remote payment. In one embodiment, the method comprises transmitting a first command from an interrogator in accordance with a first loop of an algorithm to identify a radio frequency identification (RFID) device. The method further includes receiving a first reply from the RFID device that includes a first identifier of the RFID device, associating the first identifier of the RFID device with an owner of the RFID device; and debiting an account held by the owner for payment.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Preferred embodiments of the invention are described below with reference to the following accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 is a high level circuit schematic showing an interrogator and a radio frequency identification device embodying the invention.

FIG. 2 is a front view of a housing, in the form of a badge or card, supporting the circuit of FIG. 1 according to one embodiment the invention.

FIG. 3 is a front view of a housing supporting the circuit of FIG. 1 according to another embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a tree splitting sort method for establishing communication with a radio frequency identification device in a field of a plurality of such devices, without collisions.

FIG. 5 is a time line plot illustrating operation of a slotted Aloha scheme.

FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating using a combination of a tree splitting sort method with an Aloha method for establishing communication with a radio frequency identification device in a field of a plurality of such devices.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

This disclosure of the invention is submitted in furtherance of the constitutional purposes of the U.S. Patent Laws “to promote the progress of science and useful arts” (Article 1, Section 8).

FIG. 1 illustrates a wireless identification device 12 in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. In the illustrated embodiment, the wireless identification device is a radio frequency data communication device 12, and includes RFID circuitry 16. In the illustrated embodiment, the RFID circuitry is defined by an integrated circuit as described in the above-incorporated patent application Ser. No. 08/705,043, filed Aug. 29, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,130,602. Other embodiments are possible. A power source 18 is connected to the integrated circuit 16 to supply power to the integrated circuit 16. In one embodiment, the power source 18 comprises a battery. The device 12 further includes at least one antenna 14 connected to the circuitry 16 for wireless or radio frequency transmission and reception by the circuitry 16.

The device 12 transmits and receives radio frequency communications to and from an interrogator 26. An exemplary interrogator is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/907,689, filed Aug. 8, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,289,209, and incorporated herein by reference. Preferably, the interrogator 26 includes an antenna 28, as well as dedicated transmitting and receiving circuitry, similar to that implemented on the integrated circuit 16.

Generally, the interrogator 26 transmits an interrogation signal or command 27 via the antenna 28. The device 12 receives the incoming interrogation signal via its antenna 14. Upon receiving the signal 27, the device 12 responds by generating and transmitting a responsive signal or reply 29. The responsive signal 29 typically includes information that uniquely identifies, or labels the particular device 12 that is transmitting, so as to identify any object or person with which the device 12 is associated.

Although only one device 12 is shown in FIG. 1, typically there will be multiple devices 12 that correspond with the interrogator 26, and the particular devices 12 that are in communication with the interrogator 26 will typically change over time. In the illustrated embodiment in FIG. 1, there is no communication between multiple devices 12. Instead, the devices 12 respectively communicate with the interrogator 26. Multiple devices 12 can be used in the same field of an interrogator 26 (i.e., within communications range of an interrogator 26). Similarly, multiple interrogators 26 can be in proximity to one or more of the devices 12.

The radio frequency data communication device 12 can be included in any appropriate housing or packaging. Various methods of manufacturing housings are described in commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/800,037, filed Feb. 13, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,988,510, and incorporated herein by reference.

FIG. 2 shows but one embodiment in the form of a card or badge 19 including the radio frequency data communication device 12, and a housing 11 including plastic or other suitable material. In one embodiment, the front face of the badge has visual identification features such as graphics, text, information found on identification or credit cards, etc.

FIG. 3 illustrates but one alternative housing supporting the device 12. More particularly, FIG. 3 shows a miniature housing 20 encasing the device 12 to define a tag which can be supported by an object (e.g., hung from an object, affixed to an object, etc.). Although two particular types of housings have been disclosed, the device 12 can be included in any appropriate housing.

If the power source 18 is a battery, the battery can take any suitable form. Preferably, the battery type will be selected depending on weight, size, and life requirements for a particular application. In one embodiment, the battery 18 is a thin profile or button-type cell forming a small, thin energy cell more commonly utilized in watches and small electronic devices requiring a thin profile. A conventional cell has a pair of electrodes, an anode formed by one face and a cathode formed by an opposite face. In an alternative embodiment, the power source 18 comprises a series connected pair of cells. Instead of using a battery, any suitable power source can be employed.

The circuitry 16 further includes a backscatter transmitter and is configured to provide a responsive signal to the interrogator 26 by radio frequency. More particularly, the circuitry 16 includes a transmitter, a receiver, and memory such as is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/705,043, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,130,602.

Radio frequency identification has emerged as a viable and affordable alternative to tagging or labeling small to large quantities of items. The interrogator 26 communicates with the devices 12 via an RF link, so all transmissions by the interrogator 26 are heard simultaneously by all devices 12 within range.

If the interrogator 26 sends out a command requesting that all devices 12 within range identify themselves, and gets a large number of simultaneous replies, the interrogator 26 may not be able to interpret any of these replies. Therefore, arbitration schemes are provided.

If the interrogator 26 has prior knowledge of the identification number of a device 12 which the interrogator 26 is looking for, it can specify that a response is requested only from the device 12 with that identification number. To target a command at a specific device 12, (i.e., to initiate point-on-point communication), the interrogator 26 must send a number identifying a specific device 12 along with the command. At start-up, or in a new or changing environment, these identification numbers are not known by the interrogator 26. Therefore, the interrogator 26 must identify all devices 12 in the field (within communication range) such as by determining the identification numbers of the devices 12 in the field. After this is accomplished, point-to-point communication can proceed as desired by the interrogator 26.

Generally speaking, RFID systems are a type of multiaccess communication system. The distance between the interrogator 26 and devices 12 within the field is typically fairly short (e.g., several meters), so packet transmission time is determined primarily by packet size and baud rate. Propagation delays are negligible. In RFID systems, there is a potential for a large number of transmitting devices 12 and there is a need for the interrogator 26 to work in a changing environment, where different devices 12 are swapped in and out frequently (e.g., as inventory is added or removed). The inventors have determined that, in such systems, the use of random access methods work effectively for contention resolution (i.e., for dealing with collisions between devices 12 attempting to respond to the interrogator 26 at the same time).

RFID systems have some characteristics that are different from other communications systems. For example, one characteristic of the illustrated RFID systems is that the devices 12 never communicate without being prompted by the interrogator 26. This is in contrast to typical multiaccess systems where the transmitting units operate more independently. In addition, contention for the communication medium is short lived as compared to the ongoing nature of the problem in other multiaccess systems. For example, in a RFID system, after the devices 12 have been identified, the interrogator can communicate with them in a point-to-point fashion. Thus, arbitration in a RFID system is a transient rather than steady-state phenomenon. Further, the capability of a device 12 is limited by practical restrictions on size, power, and cost. The lifetime of a device 12 can often be measured in terms of number of transmissions before battery power is lost. Therefore, one of the most important measures of system performance in RFID arbitration is total time required to arbitrate a set of devices 12. Another measure is power consumed by the devices 12 during the process. This is in contrast to the measures of throughput and packet delay in other types of multiaccess systems.

FIG. 4 illustrates one arbitration scheme that can be employed for communication between the interrogator and devices 12. Although the arbitration system is being described in connection with a wireless identification system or RFID system, this and other arbitration schemes disclosed herein can be employed in any communication system. Generally, the interrogator 26 sends a command causing each device 12 of a potentially large number of responding devices 12 to select a random number from a known range and use it as that device's arbitration number. By transmitting requests for identification to various subsets of the full range of arbitration numbers, and checking for an error-free response, the interrogator 26 determines the arbitration number of every responder station capable of communicating at the same time. Therefore, the interrogator 26 is able to conduct subsequent uninterrupted communication with devices 12, one at a time, by addressing only one device 12.

Three variables are used: an arbitration value (AVALUE), an arbitration mask (AMASK), and a random value ID (RV). The interrogator sends a command causing each device of a potentially large number of responding devices to select a random number from a known range and use it as that device's arbitration number. The interrogator sends an arbitration value (AVALUE) and an arbitration mask (AMASK) to a set of devices 12. The receiving devices 12 evaluate the following equation: (AMASK & AVALUE)==(AMASK & RV) wherein “&” is a bitwise AND function, and wherein “==” is an equality function. If the equation evaluates to “1” (TRUE), then the device 12 will reply. If the equation evaluates to “0” (FALSE), then the device 12 will not reply. By performing this in a structured manner, with the number of bits in the arbitration mask being increased by one each time, eventually a device 12 will respond with no collisions. Thus, a binary search tree methodology is employed.

An example using actual numbers will now be provided using only four bits, for simplicity, reference being made to FIG. 4. In one embodiment, sixteen bits are used for AVALUE and AMASK, respectively. Other numbers of bits can also be employed depending, for example, on the number of devices 12 expected to be encountered in a particular application, on desired cost points, etc.

Assume, for this example, that there are two devices 12 in the field, one with a random value (RV) of 1100 (binary), and another with a random value (RV) of 1010 (binary). The interrogator is trying to establish communications without collisions being caused by the two devices 12 attempting to communicate at the same time.

The interrogator sets AVALUE to 0000 (or all “don't care,” indicated by the character “X” in FIG. 4) and AMASK to 0000. The interrogator transmits a command to all devices 12 requesting that they identify themselves. Each of the devices 12 evaluate (AMASK & AVALUE)==(AMASK & RV) using the random value RV that the respective devices 12 selected. If the equation evaluates to “1” (TRUE), then the device 12 will reply. If the equation evaluates to “0” (FALSE), then the device 12 will not reply. In the first level of the illustrated tree, AMASK is 0000 and anything bitwise ANDed with all zeros results in all zeros, so both the devices 12 in the field respond, and there is a collision.

Next, the interrogator sets AMASK to 0001 and AVALUE to 0000 and transmits an identify command. Both devices 12 in the field have a zero for their least significant bit, and (AMASK & AVALUE)==(AMASK & RV) will be true for both devices 12. For the device 12 with a random value of 1100, the left side of the equation is evaluated as follows (0001 & 0000)=0000. The right side is evaluated as (0001 & 1100)=0000. The left side equals the right side, so the equation is true for the device 12 with the random value of 1100. For the device 12 with a random value of 1010, the left side of the equation is evaluated as (0001 & 0000)=0000. The right side is evaluated as (0001 & 1010)=0000. The left side equals the right side, so the equation is true for the device 12 with the random value of 1010. Because the equation is true for both devices 12 in the field, both devices 12 in the field respond, and there is another collision.

Recursively, the interrogator next sets AMASK to 0011 with AVALUE still at 0000 and transmits an identify command. (AMASK & AVALUE)==(AMASK & RV) is evaluated for both devices 12. For the device 12 with a random value of 1100, the left side of the equation is evaluated as follows (0011 & 0000)=0000. The right side is evaluated as (0011 & 1100)=0000. The left side equals the right side, so the equation is true for the device 12 with the random value of 1100, so this device 12 responds. For the device 12 with a random value of 1010, the left side of the equation is evaluated as (0011 & 0000)=0000. The right side is evaluated as (0011 & 1010)=0010. The left side does not equal the right side, so the equation is false for the device 12 with the random value of 1010, and this device 12 does not respond. Therefore, there is no collision, and the interrogator can determine the identity (e.g., an identification number) for the device 12 that does respond.

De-recursion takes place, and the devices 12 to the right for the same AMASK level are accessed by setting AVALUE at 0010 and using the same AMASK value 0011.

The device 12 with the random value of 1010 receives a command and evaluates the equation (AMASK & AVALUE)==(AMASK & RV). The left side of the equation is evaluated as (0011 & 0010)=0010. The right side of the equation is evaluated as (0011 & 1010)=0010. The right side equals the left side, so the equation is true for the device 12 with the random value of 0110. Because there are no other devices 12 in the subtree, a good reply is returned by the device 12 with the random value of 1010. There is no collision, and the interrogator can determine the identity (e.g., an identification number) for the device 12 that does respond.

By recursion, what is meant is that a function makes a call to itself. In other words, the function calls itself within the body of the function. After the called function returns, de-recursion takes place and execution continues at the place just after the function call; i.e. at the beginning of the statement after the function call.

For instance, consider a function that has four statements (numbered 1, 2, 3, 4) in it, and the second statement is a recursive call. Assume that the fourth statement is a return statement. The first time through the loop (iteration 1) the function executes the statement 2 and (because it is a recursive call) calls itself causing iteration 2 to occur. When iteration 2 gets to statement 2, it calls itself making iteration 3. During execution in iteration 3 of statement 1, assume that the function does a return. The information that was saved on the stack from iteration 2 is loaded and the function resumes execution at statement 3 (in iteration 2), followed by the execution of statement 4 which is also a return statement. Since there are no more statements in the function, the function de-recurses to iteration 1. Iteration 1, had previously recursively called itself in statement 2. Therefore, it now executes statement 3 (in iteration 1). Following that it executes a return at statement 4. Recursion is known in the art.

Consider the following code, which employs recursion, and which can be used to implement operation of the method shown in FIG. 4 and described above.

Arbitrate(AMASK, AVALUE)   {   collision=IdentifyCmnd(AMASK, AVALUE)   if (collision) then     {      /* recursive call for left side */       Arbitrate((AMASK<<1)+1, AVALUE)      /* recursive call for right side */       Arbitrate((AMASK<<1)+1, AVALUE+(AMASK+1))     } /* endif */   } /* return */

The symbol “<<” represents a bitwise left shift. “<<1” means shift left by one place. Thus, 0001<<1 would be 0010. Note, however, that AMASK is originally called with a value of zero, and 0000<<1 is still 0000. Therefore, for the first recursive call, AMASK=(AMASK<<1)+1. So for the first recursive call, the value of AMASK is 0000+0001=0001. For the second call, AMASK=(0001<<1)+1=0010+1=0011. For the third recursive call, AMASK=(0011<<1)+1=0110+1=0111.

The routine generates values for AMASK and AVALUE to be used by the interrogator in an identify command “IdentifyCmnd.” Note that the routine calls itself if there is a collision. De-recursion occurs when there is no collision. AVALUE and AMASK would have values such as the following assuming there are collisions all the way down to the bottom of the tree.

AVALUE AMASK 0000 0000 0000 0001 0000 0011 0000 0111 0000  1111* 1000  1111* 0100 0111 0100  1111* 1100  1111*

This sequence of AMASK, AVALUE binary numbers assumes that there are collisions all the way down to the bottom of the tree, at which point the Identify command sent by the interrogator is finally successful so that no collision occurs. Rows in the table for which the interrogator is successful in receiving a reply without collision are marked with the symbol “*.” Note that if the Identify command was successful at, for example, the third line in the table then the interrogator would stop going down that branch of the tree and start down another, so the sequence would be as shown in the following table.

AVALUE AMASK 0000 0000 0000 0001 0000  0011* 0010 0011 . . . . . .

This method is referred to as a splitting method. It works by splitting groups of colliding devices 12 into subsets that are resolved in turn. The splitting method can also be viewed as a type of tree search. Each split moves the method one level deeper in the tree. Either depth-first or breadth first traversals of the tree can be employed.

Another arbitration method that can be employed is referred to as the “Aloha” method. In the Aloha method, every time a device 12 is involved in a collision, it waits a random period of time before retransmitting. This method can be improved by dividing time into equally sized slots and forcing transmissions to be aligned with one of these slots. This is referred to as “slotted Aloha.” In operation, the interrogator asks all devices 12 in the field to transmit their identification numbers in the next time slot. If the response is garbled, the interrogator informs the devices 12 that a collision has occurred, and the slotted Aloha scheme is put into action. This means that each device 12 in the field responds within an arbitrary slot determined by a randomly selected value. In other words, in each successive time slot, the devices 12 decide to transmit their identification number with a certain probability.

The Aloha method is based on a system operated by the University of Hawaii. In 1971, the University of Hawaii began operation of a system named Aloha. A communication satellite was used to interconnect several university computers by use of a random access protocol. The system operates as follows. Users or devices transmit at any time they desire. After transmitting, a user listens for an acknowledgment from the receiver or interrogator. Transmissions from different users will sometimes overlap in time (collide), causing reception errors in the data in each of the contending messages. The errors are detected by the receiver, and the receiver sends a negative acknowledgment to the users. When a negative acknowledgment is received, the messages are retransmitted by the colliding users after a random delay. If the colliding users attempted to retransmit without the random delay, they would collide again. If the user does not receive either an acknowledgment or a negative acknowledgment within a certain amount of time, the user “times out” and retransmits the message.

In the slotted Aloha scheme, a sequence of coordination pulses is broadcast to all stations (devices). As is the case with the pure Aloha scheme, packet lengths are constant. Messages are required to be sent in a slot time between synchronization pulses, and can be started only at the beginning of a time slot. This reduces the rate of collisions because only messages transmitted in the same slot can interfere with one another. The retransmission mode of the pure Aloha scheme is modified for slotted Aloha such that if a negative acknowledgment occurs, the device retransmits after a random delay of an integer number of slot times.

FIG. 5 illustrates operation of the slotted Aloha scheme. FIG. 5 shows a packet of data bits transmitted by a first device 12 a, which is substantially identical to the device 12. The interrogator 26 acknowledges receipt without collision, as indicated in FIG. 5 by the symbol ACK. FIG. 5 also shows devices 12 b and 12 c, also substantially identical to the device 12, simultaneously transmitting packets of data to the interrogator 26, resulting in a collision. The interrogator returns a negative acknowledgment, as indicated in FIG. 5 by the symbol NAK. The devices 12 b and 12 c then respectively select random numbers, and retransmit after a time delay corresponding to the selected random number. There is a possibility that the devices 12 b and 12 c will again transmit at the same times, causing another collision, but in that case they will retransmit again using newly selected random numbers until there is no collision.

Another form of Aloha scheme is called reservation-Aloha. The reservation-Aloha system has two basic modes: an unreserved mode, and a reserved mode.

In the unreserved mode, a time frame is established and divided into a number of small reservation subslots. Users (devices) use these subslots to reserve message slots. After requesting a reservation, the user (device) listens for an acknowledgment and a slot assignment.

In the reserved mode, a time frame is divided into a certain number of slots whenever a reservation is made. All but the last slot are used for message transmissions. The last slot is subdivided into subslots to be used for reservations. Users (devices) send message packets in their assigned portions of the slots reserved for message transmissions.

FIG. 6 illustrates combining a tree sort method of a type such as the one shown in FIG. 4 with an Aloha method. Combining the two methods allows a minimal number of slots to be used and takes advantage of the conquer and divide approach of the tree sort method. The method shown in FIG. 6 proceeds in a manner similar to the manner described in connection with FIG. 4, except that devices 12 in the field that reply for the given AMASK and AVALUE, reply within a randomly selected time slot. This significantly reduces the number of collisions. In one embodiment, the reply includes the unique identification number of the particular device 12. In one embodiment, the reply includes the random value RV selected by the particular device 12. In one embodiment, the reply includes both the unique identification number of the particular device 12 as well as the random value RV selected by the same device 12.

In one embodiment, the same randomly selected time slot is used by a device 12 at different levels of the tree (i.e., for different values of AMASK and AVALUE). In another embodiment, different randomly selected times slots are used by a device 12 at different levels of the tree (i.e., for different values of AMASK and AVALUE). In one embodiment, a combination of these approaches is used. For example, one embodiment utilizes a method where the interrogator goes down the tree until some responses without collision are received, before the devices 12 re-randomize their Aloha random number. This can be classified as an adaptive method. Other adaptive methods are possible. For example, in one embodiment, the number of Aloha slots is reduced at lower levels of the tree. The number of slots can be reduced by the same number for each level down the tree, or by a number that varies depending on the number of levels down the tree. Thus, for example, the number of slots can remain constant through a progression down the tree until some responses without collision are received, at which point the number of slots is reduced.

Thus, this embodiment provides the advantages of both the Aloha methods and the tree sorting methods of establishing communications without collisions.

In another embodiment, levels of the search tree are skipped. Skipping levels in the tree, after a collision caused by multiple devices 12 responding, reduces the number of subsequent collisions without adding significantly to the number of no replies. In real-time systems, it is desirable to have quick arbitration sessions on a set of devices 12 whose unique identification numbers are unknown. Level skipping reduces the number of collisions, both reducing arbitration time and conserving battery life on a set of devices 12. In one embodiment, every other level is skipped. In alternative embodiments, more than one level is skipped each time.

The trade off that must be considered in determining how many (if any) levels to skip with each decent down the tree is as follows. Skipping levels reduces the number of collisions, thus saving battery power in the devices 12. Skipping deeper (skipping more than one level) further reduces the number of collisions. The more levels that are skipped, the greater the reduction in collisions. However, skipping levels results in longer search times because the number of queries (Identify commands) increases. The more levels that are skipped, the longer the search times. Skipping just one level has an almost negligible effect on search time, but drastically reduces the number of collisions. If more than one level is skipped, search time increases substantially. Skipping every other level drastically reduces the number of collisions and saves battery power without significantly increasing the number of queries.

Level skipping methods are described in a commonly assigned patent application Ser. No. 09/026,045 naming Clifton W. Wood, Jr. and Don Hush as inventors, titled “Method of Addressing Messages, Method of Establishing Wireless Communications, and Communications System,” now U.S. Pat. No. 6,072,801, and incorporated herein by reference.

In compliance with the statute, the invention has been described in language more or less specific as to structural and methodical features. It is to be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the specific features shown and described, since the means herein disclosed comprise preferred forms of putting the invention into effect. The invention is, therefore, claimed in any of its forms or modifications within the proper scope of the appended claims appropriately interpreted in accordance with the doctrine of equivalents. 

1. A method, comprising: transmitting a first command from an interrogator in accordance with a first loop of an algorithm to identify a radio frequency identification (RFID) device, the first command comprising a field indicating that no number of valid bits of a comparison value are transmitted with the first command; responsive to the first command, receiving a first reply from the RFID device, the first reply comprising a first identifier of the RFID device; transmitting a second command from the interrogator in accordance with a second loop of the algorithm if the interrogator detects a collision in the first reply, the second command comprising a field indicating that one or more valid bits of the comparison value are transmitted with the second command, wherein the RFID device compares the valid bits of the comparison value with a portion of the first identifier, and, if equal, modulates an RF field provided by the interrogator to communicate a second reply to the interrogator in accordance with the algorithm, the second reply comprising at least a portion of the first identifier; and transmitting an indication of a number of time slots in which the interrogator is to receive one or more responses from one or more RFID devices in a field of the interrogator, and in response, receiving the one or more responses in one or more time slots of the number of time slots, wherein each of the one or more responses comprises a second identifier of each of the one or more RFID devices, respectively.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first identifier is randomly generated by the RFID device.
 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising the interrogator communicating in a selected one of a first communication mode and a second communication mode, wherein in accordance with the first communication mode the interrogator is to receive a modulated RF field generated by an RFID device and in accordance with the second communication mode the interrogator is to provide an RF field to be modulated by an RFID device.
 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising the interrogator communicating at one of a selectable plurality of bit rates.
 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving a wake up command from the interrogator and, in response, transitioning from a non-responsive state.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the non-responsive state is a sleep state.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the first identifier is equal to the second identifier.
 8. A radio frequency identification (RFID) device, comprising: a receiver to receive first and second commands, the first command to include an indication of a first number of valid bits of an identification number and, if the first number of valid bits is indicated to be greater than zero, the valid bits of the identification number itself, and the second command to include an indication of a first number of time slots in which the RFID device is to respond; a memory to store a first identifier; and a transmitter to communicate a first response to the first command if the valid bits of the identification number, if any, match an equal number of bits of the first identifier stored in the memory, and to communicate a second response to the second command in a randomly selected time slot of the indicated first number of time slots, wherein the first response includes at least a portion of the first identifier.
 9. The device of claim 8, further comprising: a random number generator to generate the first identifier.
 10. The device of claim 8, wherein the first number of time slots is indicated by the first number of valid bits.
 11. The device of claim 8, wherein the transmitter is to communicate by modulating an RF field provided by a remote device.
 12. The device of claim 11, wherein the memory is to further store a unique identification code, apart from any randomly generated identifiers, to identify the device.
 13. The device of claim 8, wherein the memory is to further store a unique identification code to identify a person with whom the device is associated.
 14. The device of claim 8, wherein the device is to communicate at one of a plurality of bit rates determined by a remote device.
 15. The device of claim 14, wherein the device is to operate in a first communication mode during a first period of time and in a second communication mode during a second period of time, wherein in accordance with the first communication mode the device modulates an RF field generated by the remote device and in accordance with the second communication mode the device generates and modulates an RF field.
 16. The device of claim 8, wherein the second response includes a second identifier of the RFID device.
 17. The device of claim 16, wherein the first and second identifiers are the same.
 18. The device of claim 8, wherein the receiver is to further receive a third command from an interrogator responsive to the interrogator detecting a collision in the first response, the third command to include an indication of a second number of valid bits of the identification number, wherein the second number of valid bits may be at least two bits greater than the first number of valid bits.
 19. The device of claim 8, wherein the receiver is to further receive a third command from an interrogator responsive to the interrogator detecting a collision in the second response, the third command to include an indication of a second number of time slots different from the first number of time slots.
 20. The device of claim 19, wherein the receiver is to further receive a fourth command from a remote device responsive to the remote device detecting a collision in the first response, the fourth command to include an indication of a second number of valid bits of the identification number, wherein the second number of valid bits may be at least two bits greater than the first number of valid bits.
 21. An initiating wireless device to initiate wireless communication with a target radio frequency identification (RFID) device, comprising: a transmitter to transmit a first portion of a set of identifiers and to indicate a first number of time slots; an antenna to provide an RF field to be modulated by a target RFID device to communicate signals to the initiating device; a receiver to receive a response from a target RFID device that has an identifier in the set and to receive one or more identifiers from one or more target RFID devices during a time slot randomly selected from the first number of time slots by each of the one or more target RFID devices, respectively; and processing circuitry to perform collision detection on the response, to cause the transmitter to transmit a second portion of a subset of the set of identifiers if a collision is detected on the response, and to determine the identifier of the target RFID device using the response if no collision is detected on the response.
 22. The initiating device of claim 21, wherein the transmitter is to indicate a number of bits of the first portion.
 23. The initiating device of claim 22, wherein the first number of time slots is indicated by the number of bits of the first portion.
 24. The initiating device of claim 22, wherein the transmitter is to communicate with the target RFID device at one of a plurality of bit rates determined by the initiating device.
 25. The initiating device of claim 21, wherein the first portion is zero in accordance with a first pass through a loop of an algorithm to enable the initiating device to detect the target RFID device, and the response is the identifier of the target RFID device.
 26. The initiating device of claim 25, wherein the algorithm allows the second portion to be the first portion plus at least two additional bits in accordance with a second pass following the first pass, without an intermediate pass, through the loop of the algorithm.
 27. The initiating device of claim 21, wherein the transmitter is to transmit a wake up command to transition the target RFID device from a sleep state.
 28. The initiating device of claim 21, wherein the processing circuitry is to enable the subset to be less than half of the set.
 29. The initiating device of claim 21, wherein the one or more target RFID devices comprises the target RFID device.
 30. The initiating device of claim 21, wherein the receiver is to further receive an identification number to be used to identify a person with whom a target RFID device is associated.
 31. The initiating device of claim 21, wherein the initiating device is to operate in a first communication mode during a first period of time and in a second communication mode during a second period of time, wherein in accordance with the first communication mode the antenna provides the RF field and in accordance with the second communication mode the receiver receives an RF field provided by and modulated by a target RFID device.
 32. The initiating device of claim 21, wherein the processing circuitry is to further perform collision detection on the one or more identifiers and to cause the transmitter to indicate a second number of time slots, different from the first number of time slots, responsive to collision detection on the one or more identifiers.
 33. The initiating device of claim 32, wherein the processing circuitry enables the subset to be less than half of the set.
 34. A target radio frequency identification (RFID) device, comprising: a receiver to receive an indication of a first number of valid bits common to a first set of identifiers, to receive the valid bits common to the first set if the first number is greater than zero, and to receive a signal indicating a change in a number of time slots from a first number of a plurality of time slots to a second number of a plurality of time slots in which the target device may respond; a memory to store an identifier; processing circuitry to determine if the identifier is in the first set, to generate a random value, and to randomly select a time slot; and a transmitter to communicate a response if the identifier is determined to be in the first set, and to communicate the response during the randomly selected time slot.
 35. The target device of claim 34, wherein the transmitter is to communicate with an initiating wireless device at a selectable one of a plurality of bit rates selected by the initiating device.
 36. The target device of claim 34, wherein the identifier comprises a random number generated by the target device; and in accordance with a first pass through a loop of an algorithm to detect the target device the first number of valid bits is zero and the response is the random number.
 37. The target device of claim 36, wherein in accordance with a second pass through the loop of the algorithm successively following the first pass, the receiver is to receive an indication of a second number of valid bits common to a second set of identifiers, the processing circuitry is to determine if the identifier is in the second set, and wherein in accordance with the algorithm the second number of valid bits may be greater than the first number of valid bits by at least two.
 38. The target device of claim 37, wherein the algorithm includes the receiver receiving the signal indicating the change in the number of time slots and the identifier is equal to the random value.
 39. The target device of claim 34, wherein in response to receiving a command at the receiver, addressed to the target device, the processing circuitry is to transition the target device to a sleep state in which communication from the transmitter is suppressed.
 40. The target device of claim 39, wherein the processing circuitry is to transition the target RFID device from the sleep state in response to receiving a wake up command at the receiver.
 41. The target device of claim 34, wherein the target device is to operate in a first communication mode during a first period of time and in a second communication mode during a second period of time, wherein in accordance with the first communication mode the transmitter is to communicate by modulating an RF field provided by a remotely located initiating wireless device and in accordance with the second communication mode the transmitter is to communicate by modulating an RF field provided by the target device.
 42. The target device of claim 34, wherein the signal indicating the change in the number of time slots is to be sent by an initiating wireless device responsive to collision detection on the random value.
 43. The target device of claim 34, wherein the receiver is to receive an indication of a second number of valid bits common to a second set of identifiers responsive to an initiating wireless device detecting a collision on the identifier, the processing circuitry is to determine if the identifier is in the second set, and wherein the second number of valid bits may be greater than the first number of valid bits by at least two.
 44. The target device of claim 34, wherein the response comprises at least a portion of the identifier.
 45. A radio frequency identification (RFID) device, comprising: memory storing a unique number to identify to a person with whom the RFID device is associated; a receiver coupled to an antenna to receive requests comprising values having varying numbers of valid bits in accordance with a first method to wirelessly identify the RFID device, and time slot information in accordance with a second method to wirelessly identify the RFID device; a modulating circuit to modulate RF fields to communicate responses, wherein the responses comprise the unique number and an identifier of the RFID device; and processing circuitry to cause the modulating circuit to communicate responses based, at least in part, on comparisons between the valid bits of the values and bits of the identifier of the RFID device in accordance with the first method, and to cause the modulating circuit to communicate responses at time slots randomly selected using the time slot information in accordance with the second method.
 46. The device of claim 45, wherein the responses communicated in accordance with the first method to wirelessly identify the RFID device and the responses communicated in accordance with the second method to wirelessly identify the RFID device contain the same unique number but different identifiers randomly generated by the RFID device.
 47. The device of claim 45, wherein the modulating circuit is to operate in a first communication mode in which the modulating circuit is to modulate an RF field produced by the device itself, and in a second communication mode in which the modulating circuit is to modulate an RF field produced by a remote device.
 48. The device of claim 47, wherein the receiver is to receive a wake up command, and, in response, the processing circuitry is to transition the device from a sleep state.
 49. The device of claim 48, wherein the modulating circuit is to communicate at one of a plurality of selectable bit rates.
 50. The device of claim 45, wherein the first method is a tree search algorithm and the second method is a slotted Aloha algorithm.
 51. The device of claim 50, wherein the first method accommodates tree level skipping.
 52. The device of claim 51, wherein the second method is adaptive.
 53. The device of claim 45, wherein the receiver is to receive a first request comprising a value having a first number of valid bits followed by a successive second request, the second request comprising a value having a second number of valid bits, wherein, in accordance with the first method, the second number of valid bits may be at least two bits greater than the first number of valid bits.
 54. The device of claim 53, wherein, in accordance with the second method, the time slot information indicates a change in a number of available time slots in which the device may respond.
 55. The device of claim 45, wherein, in accordance with the second method, the time slot information indicates a change in a number of available time slots in which the device may respond.
 56. A method for remote payment, comprising: transmitting a first command from a first apparatus in accordance with a first loop of an algorithm to identify a radio frequency device, the first command comprising a field indicating that no number of valid bits of a comparison value are transmitted with the first command; receiving a first reply from the radio frequency device substantially in response to the transmission of the first command, the first reply comprising a first identifier of the radio frequency device; transmitting a second command from the first apparatus in accordance with a second loop of the algorithm if the first apparatus detects a collision in the first reply, the second command comprising a field indicating that one or more valid bits of the comparison value are transmitted with the second command, wherein the valid bits are useful to the radio frequency for comparison with a portion of the first identifier, and, if equal, modulation of an RF field provided by the first apparatus to communicate a second reply to the first apparatus in accordance with the algorithm, the second reply comprising at least a portion of the first identifier; transmitting an indication of a number of time slots in which the first apparatus is to receive one or more responses from one or more radio frequency devices disposed within a field of the first apparatus, and in response, receiving the one or more responses in one or more time slots of the number of time slots, wherein each of the one or more responses comprises a second identifier of each of the one or more radio frequency devices, respectively; associating the first identifier of the radio frequency device with a financial account; and debiting the financial account for payment.
 57. The method of claim 56, wherein the first identifier is randomly generated by the radio frequency device.
 58. The method of claim 56, further comprising the first apparatus communicating in a selected one of a first communication mode and a second communication mode, wherein in accordance with the first communication mode the first apparatus is to receive a modulated RF field generated by a radio frequency device and in accordance with the second communication mode the first apparatus is to provide an RF field to be modulated by a radio frequency device.
 59. The method of claim 58, further comprising the first apparatus communicating at one of a selectable plurality of bit rates.
 60. The method of claim 56, further comprising issuing a wake up command from the first apparatus to cause the radio frequency device to transition from a non-responsive state.
 61. The method of claim 60, wherein the non-responsive state is a sleep state.
 62. The method of claim 56, wherein the first identifier is equal to the second identifier.
 63. The method of claim 56, wherein the radio frequency device passes the first apparatus at a toll booth.
 64. The method of claim 63, wherein the act of debiting the account is for the payment of a toll. 